[
 {
  "term": "Accessibility Guest Wristband",
  "aka": "companion wristband",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "At the Newport Festivals (2026), a wristband for one companion of a registered guest; the companion still needs a ticket.",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf2V8vUYKNKtevzwzPYxUpTPxmbbMqL3z_5hoadpH1WFeeOmA/viewform"
 },
 {
  "term": "Accessibility Hub",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "An on-site desk where disabled guests and companions collect access wristbands, as at the Newport Festivals (2026).",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf2V8vUYKNKtevzwzPYxUpTPxmbbMqL3z_5hoadpH1WFeeOmA/viewform"
 },
 {
  "term": "Activation",
  "aka": "wristband registration",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Registering a band online so it is tied to you and, where used, a payment card and emergency contact.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://hinterlandiowa.com/info/wristband-policy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Aftermovie",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A polished recap video released after the festival as year-round marketing.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/amp/happily-ever-aftermovie"
 },
 {
  "term": "AIF",
  "aka": "Association of Independent Festivals",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A UK trade and lobby group for independent festivals that counts closures and lobbies on tax.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/over-200-uk-festivals-disappeared-since-2019-report-aif-news"
 },
 {
  "term": "All-in pricing",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Showing the total price, including mandatory fees, from the start; required in the US for live-event tickets since May 12, 2025.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://www.ticketnews.com/2025/05/ftc-clarifies-impending-all-in-pricing-rules-with-faq"
 },
 {
  "term": "Anti-passback",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Gate logic that blocks a band from entering twice without an exit scan in between.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.wristband.com/blogs/news/nfc-vs-rfid-wristbands-technology-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "antitrust injury",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Harm to competition as a whole, rather than to one competitor, that a plaintiff must show to win an antitrust case.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.wweek.com/music/2019/03/13/sould-out-festivals-lawsuit-against-coachella-has-been-dismissed/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Attitude is Everything",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "UK charity founded in 2000 that sets access standards for live music.",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://attitudeiseverything.org.uk/about/our-story/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Ballast",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Heavy weights, such as concrete Jersey barriers, that hold a temporary structure down in wind.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/12/us/indiana-state-fair-reports"
 },
 {
  "term": "Billing",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "An act's position and type size on the poster, which signals status and is negotiated by agents.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/festival-lineup-order-names-font-size-booking"
 },
 {
  "term": "Black Rock City",
  "aka": "BRC",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "The temporary city built each August for Burning Man, which its own Journal describes as closer to a makeshift city than a festival.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://journal.burningman.org/2012/05/opinion/serious-stuff/not_a_festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Blind sale",
  "aka": "sold out before lineup",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Selling festival tickets before any artist is announced; Newport Folk's 2026 tickets sold out within seconds this way.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/east-bay/newport-folk-festival-tickets-sell-out-before-lineup-is-announced/amp/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Closed-loop cashless",
  "aka": "festival currency",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "An on-site balance or currency that only works at that festival, with no cash or card accepted.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://splash-festival.de/en/info/faq-cashless-2025"
 },
 {
  "term": "CO2e",
  "aka": "carbon dioxide equivalent",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "All greenhouse gases converted into one carbon-equivalent number.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://www.powerful-thinking.org.uk/resources/the-show-must-go-on-report/"
 },
 {
  "term": "communicable disease exclusion",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Policy wording that removes cover for cancellations caused by disease outbreaks; since COVID it has been close to universal for events.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://amp.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-features/2022/05/16/667465.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Compression asphyxiation",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Death from being squeezed so hard that breathing stops; the ruled cause of all 10 Astroworld deaths.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://abc7ny.com/astroworld-travis-scott-tragedy-concert-houston/13563641/"
 },
 {
  "term": "concessions",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Food, drink and merchandise sold on site; listed by Live Nation as festival revenue alongside camping fees and ticket service charges.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1335258/000133525826000009/lyv-20251231.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Controlling interest",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Enough ownership of a company to direct it; Madison Square Garden Co. bought one in Boston Calling Events in 2016.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://news.pollstar.com/2016/07/06/msg-acquires-boston-calling/"
 },
 {
  "term": "COW",
  "aka": "cell on wheels",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "A portable cell tower on a truck or trailer, brought in by carriers for big events.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.mobilesportsreport.com/2016/04/att-records-29-2-tb-of-cellular-data-during-coachella-weekends/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Crowd density",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "People per square meter; UK planning typically uses 2, and about 5 is given as the upper limit for standing.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://gkstill.com/Support/crowd-density/CrowdDensity-1.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Crowd turbulence",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Chaotic waves of pressure in a very dense crowd that push people off their feet.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Parade_disaster"
 },
 {
  "term": "DanceSafe",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "US nonprofit founded in 1998 that runs harm reduction booths at events.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DanceSafe"
 },
 {
  "term": "Day split",
  "aka": "Daily lineup",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "The lineup broken out by day, usually released after the full poster.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://napavalleyfocus.substack.com/p/weekender-encore-blood-sweat-tears"
 },
 {
  "term": "dB(A)",
  "aka": "A-weighted decibels",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "Decibels weighted to match how human ears hear loudness.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://napier-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/197042"
 },
 {
  "term": "Deposit cup",
  "aka": "reusable cup",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A reusable cup you pay a small deposit on and get part or all of it back when returned; Roskilde's costs 5 DKK and refunds 1 DKK (2026).",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://faq.roskilde-festival.dk/hc/en-gb/articles/19440623953821-Reusable-cups"
 },
 {
  "term": "Destination festival",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A festival people travel long distances for, often sold with travel, such as Tomorrowland's Global Journey packages.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)"
 },
 {
  "term": "Douro",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Dour Festival's on-site currency, priced at 1.75 euros each (2026).",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://dourfestival.eu/en/cashless"
 },
 {
  "term": "DreamVille",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "Tomorrowland's campsite, which opened on schedule on July 17, 2025, the day after the main stage fire.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/tomorrowland-will-go-ahead-tomorrow-after-fire-destroyed-festivals-main-stage-sources-claim-news"
 },
 {
  "term": "Drug checking",
  "aka": "pill testing",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Chemical testing of a substance to tell the person who handed it in what it contains.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://djmag.com/news/uk-festival-drug-testing-resume-summer-following-home-office-licence-debacle"
 },
 {
  "term": "Dual-frequency wristband",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "A band carrying both an NFC chip for payments and a UHF chip for gates.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.wristband.com/blogs/news/nfc-vs-rfid-wristbands-technology-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Dynamic pricing",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Prices that change live with demand during a sale.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/uk-competition-regulator-launches-investigation-into-ticketmaster-over-oasis-concert-sales12/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Early bird",
  "aka": "Tier 1",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "The cheapest ticket tier, sold first in limited numbers; the price rises when it sells out.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/early-bird-passes-for-lollapalooza-sold-out"
 },
 {
  "term": "Eco-bond",
  "aka": "litter deposit",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "A deposit refunded when you hand in bagged litter; Bestival charged 10 pounds (2018 reporting).",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://www.nme.com/features/festivals-abandoned-tents-waste-reduction-2382025"
 },
 {
  "term": "Economic impact study",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "An estimate of the money a festival brings to an area, often commissioned by the festival or a tourism body.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://cdn.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/economic-impact-summary-2023"
 },
 {
  "term": "Emergency Action Plan",
  "aka": "EAP",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "A safety plan and site map Boston's Office of Emergency Management requires for any event with capacity of 1,500 or more.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/emergency-management/special-events-emergency-action-plan-permit"
 },
 {
  "term": "enforced fallow year",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "Glastopedia's name for Glastonbury's pandemic cancellations in 2020 and 2021.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://glastopedia.com/timeline"
 },
 {
  "term": "event cancellation insurance",
  "aka": "contingency insurance",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Cover that repays costs or lost income if an event is canceled for a listed reason.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://amp.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-features/2022/05/16/667465.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "EVENTIM LIVE",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "CTS Eventim's live and festival arm, with more than 50 formats across more than 45 promoters.",
  "section": "owners",
  "source_url": "https://app.boersengefluester.de/en/newswire/DE0005470306/cts-eventim-ag-co-kgaa/more-than-one-million-total-attendees-eventim-live-off-to-a-strong-start-to-the-2026-festival-season-2364136"
 },
 {
  "term": "Events Industry Forum",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "UK industry body that has published the Purple Guide since 2012.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.thepurpleguide.co.uk/about-the-purple-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Face-value resale",
  "aka": "Official resale",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Official resale of tickets at the original price, through the festival or its ticketer.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/news/glastonbury-2027-ticket-information-confirmed/"
 },
 {
  "term": "fallow year",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "A planned year off, used by Glastonbury to rest the land; the festival still has costs and can post a loss.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.nme.com/news/music/glastonbury-54-1241639"
 },
 {
  "term": "Festival tax relief",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "AIF's proposed UK relief for festivals under 30,000 capacity, modeled on theater and orchestra reliefs.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.musicweek.com/live/read/aif-warns-on-festival-closures-as-sector-sees-dozens-of-events-called-off-in-2025/092117"
 },
 {
  "term": "Finger barrier",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "A barrier running back from the front into the crowd, built to take the same load as the front barrier.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/stage-barriers.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Fort Adams State Park",
  "aka": "Fort Adams",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Rhode Island state park on Newport Harbor; home of Newport Jazz since 1981 and Newport Folk since its 1985 revival.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://rirocks.rihs.org/Search/Newport%20Jazz%20Festival.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Free festival",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "An event with no admission charge; Woodstock and Isle of Wight 1970 were declared free after the gate failed or profit became impossible.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970"
 },
 {
  "term": "free-riding",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "The promoters' argument that a rival festival benefits from an artist booking it did not pay to build; used to defend radius clauses.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.wweek.com/music/2019/03/13/sould-out-festivals-lawsuit-against-coachella-has-been-dismissed/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Front-of-stage barrier",
  "aka": "A-frame barrier",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "A load-bearing steel or aluminum A-frame fence, about 1.2 m high, that holds the crowd back from the stage.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/stage-barriers.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Going electric",
  "aka": "Dylan goes electric",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Shorthand for Bob Dylan's plugged-in set with members of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at Newport Folk on July 25, 1965.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Green Guide",
  "aka": "Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "The UK sports ground safety guide, which uses 4.7 people per square meter for standing viewing areas.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://gkstill.com/Support/crowd-density/CrowdDensity-1.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Greenfield festival",
  "aka": "Camping festival",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A festival built from scratch on open land such as a farm, usually with camping, like Glastonbury or Bonnaroo.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.radiox.co.uk/festivals/glastonbury/why-is-there-no-festival-in-2026-and-what-is-a-fallow-year/"
 },
 {
  "term": "gross",
  "aka": "box office gross",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Total ticket revenue before costs; often misreported as profit.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.grammy.com/news/music-festivals-2017-coachella-hauls-record-114-million-profit"
 },
 {
  "term": "Guarantee",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A fixed fee paid to an artist regardless of ticket sales.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.degy.com/resource/must-know-music-industry-terms-for-booking-your-next-fair-or-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "HSG195",
  "aka": "The Event Safety Guide",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "The original Health and Safety Executive event safety guide that the Purple Guide replaced.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.flintshire.gov.uk/en/Business/Health-and-Safety/Events-firework-safety.aspx"
 },
 {
  "term": "HVO",
  "aka": "hydrotreated vegetable oil",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A renewable diesel made from waste oils and fats that runs in ordinary diesel generators; its emission savings are disputed.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://www.transportenvironment.org/te-united-kingdom/articles/wheres-your-hvo-been"
 },
 {
  "term": "Induced impact",
  "aka": "induced effects",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "Spending by people who earned money from the festival, such as staff spending wages; counted in multiplier totals.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://www.local3news.com/local-news/whats-trending/bonnaroo-brings-51-1-million-to-local-state-economy/article_b42846ed-5480-5d6d-a83d-3661ebded997.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A UK local law with sections designed to control large overnight gatherings, passed after the 1970 festival.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970"
 },
 {
  "term": "LAeq",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "An average sound level over a set period; the Pop Code uses 15 minutes.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://napier-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/197042"
 },
 {
  "term": "Live Events Access Charter",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Attitude is Everything's access standard for venues and festivals, introduced in 2022.",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://attitudeiseverything.org.uk/about/our-story/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Loyalty presale",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Early, sometimes cheaper, access for people who bought tickets or attended in past years.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://sfoutsidelands.com/news/presale-details"
 },
 {
  "term": "Music cruise",
  "aka": "Festival at sea",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A festival held on a cruise ship with performers and fans on board, such as Jam Cruise or Holy Ship!.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_cruise"
 },
 {
  "term": "Newport Festivals Foundation",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "The 501(c)(3) nonprofit that has produced the Newport Jazz and Newport Folk festivals since 2011; it focuses on music education and artist relief.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://whatsupnewp.com/2026/04/newport-jazz-festival-unveils-2026-lineup/"
 },
 {
  "term": "NFC",
  "aka": "near field communication",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Short-range RFID at 13.56 MHz, read at about 4 cm; used for deliberate taps such as payments.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.wristband.com/blogs/news/nfc-vs-rfid-wristbands-technology-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Non-profit festival",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A festival whose surplus goes to a foundation or charity, like Roskilde or the Newport festivals.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Offer",
  "aka": "Offer sheet",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "The festival's written proposal to an artist's agent, setting the fee, deal type, deposit and payment schedule and logistics; it can become binding once accepted.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.degy.com/resource/must-know-music-industry-terms-for-booking-your-next-fair-or-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "One-time entertainment license",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "A Boston license for live entertainment at a single event, usually the last permit issued.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/special-events"
 },
 {
  "term": "One-way lock",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "A wristband closure that can be tightened but not loosened; the only way off is cutting, which voids the band.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://seatgeek.com/blog/festival-wristbands-explained-how-they-work-and-when-they-arrive"
 },
 {
  "term": "Outdoor Public Event permit",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Boston's main permit for public events, issued by the Mayor's Office of Consumer Affairs and Licensing (MOCAL) in three tiers.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/special-events"
 },
 {
  "term": "Owl Pass",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "Insomniac's name for advance EDC Las Vegas passes, sold with a $5 deposit in 2024 before the next lineup was out.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://www.news3lv.com/news/local/edc-2025-ticket-rush-begins-as-over-500k-fans-attend-this-years-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Patient presentation rate",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Patients seen by medical services per 1,000 people on site; 13.47 at Glastonbury 2022.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/article/glastonbury-festival-medical-care-at-the-worlds-largest-greenfield-music-festival/FC4A2C70B341388A4C71A4F8D692F09C"
 },
 {
  "term": "Payment plan",
  "aka": "Layaway",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Paying for a festival ticket as a deposit plus later installments.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://sfoutsidelands.com/news/presale-details"
 },
 {
  "term": "Permitted development",
  "aka": "28-day rule",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A UK planning right allowing temporary land use, such as a festival, for up to 28 days a year without full planning permission.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://completemusicupdate.com/lambeth-council-insists-brockwell-park-festivals-will-go-ahead-despite-high-court-ruling-saying-they-are-unlawful/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Pit",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "The staffed gap between the front barrier and the stage where stewards, first-aiders and paramedics work.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/stage-barriers.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Pop Code",
  "aka": "Code of Practice on Environmental Noise Control at Concerts",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "The UK's 1995 Noise Council code setting music noise targets at nearby homes for events between 9am and 11pm.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://napier-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/197042"
 },
 {
  "term": "pre-festival night",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "An opening night before the main days, usually with a smaller crowd. Fuji Rock's drew 16,000 in 2025.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.asia/read/fuji-rock-2025-draws-122-000-attendees-new-stage-debut-performances-local"
 },
 {
  "term": "Presale",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A sale window before the general on-sale, for past buyers, sponsor cardholders or a sign-up list.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://sfoutsidelands.com/news/presale-details"
 },
 {
  "term": "private equity",
  "aka": "PE",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "Investment firms, such as KKR or Providence, that buy companies to grow them and later sell them.",
  "section": "owners",
  "source_url": "https://www.provequity.com/news/providence-announces-sale-superstruct-entertainment"
 },
 {
  "term": "promoter",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "The company that books the acts, secures the site, sells tickets and advertises the event, and takes the financial risk.",
  "section": "owners",
  "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1335258/000133525826000009/lyv-20251231.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Purple Guide",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "The UK's subscription good-practice guide to health, safety and welfare at outdoor events; guidance, not law.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.thepurpleguide.co.uk/about-the-purple-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Pyramid Stage",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Glastonbury's main stage, first built in 1971 when the event was called Glastonbury Fair.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://glastopedia.com/timeline"
 },
 {
  "term": "Radius clause",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A contract term barring an artist from public shows within a set distance of the festival for a set period before and after it.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.degy.com/resource/must-know-music-industry-terms-for-booking-your-next-fair-or-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "RAVE Act",
  "aka": "Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "US federal law (2003) cited as making promoters wary of on-site drug checking because of liability.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.drugpolicyfacts.org/node/4284"
 },
 {
  "term": "Revocable license",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "How some festivals define a wristband: permission to enter that the festival can withdraw, not property you own.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://hinterlandiowa.com/info/wristband-policy"
 },
 {
  "term": "RFID",
  "aka": "radio frequency identification",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "A battery-free chip read by radio when a reader comes close; the basis of festival wristbands.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.wristband.com/blogs/news/nfc-vs-rfid-wristbands-technology-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Rotating stage",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "A setup where acts alternate between adjacent stages; Boston Calling merged its Green and Red stages this way for 2025.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://country1025.com/2025/01/06/boston-calling-makes-safety-security-improvements-for-2025-music-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Routing",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Where an artist's tour already goes; festivals that fit the route are easier and cheaper to book.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://napavalleyfocus.substack.com/p/weekender-encore-blood-sweat-tears"
 },
 {
  "term": "SFX Entertainment",
  "aka": "LiveStyle",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A company that bought up dance music promoters in 2012-2013, went public in 2013 and filed for bankruptcy in 2016.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveStyle"
 },
 {
  "term": "Shelter in place",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "An order for the crowd to stay where it is and take cover until severe weather passes, used at Newport Folk on July 25, 2025.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://turnto10.com/news/local/gallery/severe-weather-newport-folk-festival-shelter-in-place-thunder-lightning-thunderstorms-rain-downpours-july-25-2025?photo=1"
 },
 {
  "term": "Sound bleed",
  "aka": "noise spill",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "Festival sound carrying past the site into nearby neighborhoods, as Boston Calling's did across the Charles into Cambridge in 2017.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.cambridgeday.com/2018/05/29/boston-calling-fest-turned-down-the-volume-as-promised-after-horrific-2017-sound-leak/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Southern Hemisphere season",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "December to March, when Australian, New Zealand and South American festivals run, such as Laneway in February and Lollapalooza Argentina in March.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://prensamercosur.org/2025/03/21/lollapalooza-argentina-2025-todos-los-detalles-de-la-decima-edicion-del-megafestival-mas-importante-del-ano/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Speculative ticket",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A resale listing for a ticket the seller may not yet hold; Newport Folk warned fans against them in 2025.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/east-bay/no-lineup-no-problem-newport-folk-fest-tickets-sell-out/amp/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Split point deal",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "A base guarantee plus a percentage of ticket sales once the promoter's expenses are recouped.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.degy.com/resource/must-know-music-industry-terms-for-booking-your-next-fair-or-festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "sponsorship activation",
  "aka": "activation",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "A sponsor's physical presence on site, such as a branded stage, booth or product sampling.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1335258/000133525826000009/lyv-20251231.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Stewarding",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "Crowd and gate work, often done by charity volunteers in exchange for free entry.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://cdn.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/economic-impact-summary-2023"
 },
 {
  "term": "Superstruct Entertainment",
  "aka": "Superstruct",
  "category": "Business",
  "definition": "A festival group founded in 2017 that runs more than 80 festivals in Europe and Australia; owned by KKR since 2024.",
  "section": "owners",
  "source_url": "https://www.provequity.com/news/providence-announces-sale-superstruct-entertainment"
 },
 {
  "term": "Surprise guest",
  "aka": "unannounced guest",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "A performer who appears without being announced, a Newport Folk tradition (Dolly Parton in 2019, Joni Mitchell in 2022).",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Take Your Tent Home",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "An AIF campaign launched in 2019 against the estimated 250,000 tents left at UK festivals each year.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://www.aiforg.com/take-your-tent-home"
 },
 {
  "term": "Talent buyer",
  "aka": "Buyer",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "The person at a festival or promoter who chooses artists and sends their agents offers, usually within a fixed talent budget.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://napavalleyfocus.substack.com/p/weekender-encore-blood-sweat-tears"
 },
 {
  "term": "Temporary demountable structure",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "A stage, roof or tower bolted together on site and taken down afterward; UK loading guidance comes from the Institution of Structural Engineers.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/stage-barriers.htm"
 },
 {
  "term": "Temporary threshold shift",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Short-term hearing loss after loud noise.",
  "section": "camping",
  "source_url": "https://www.inverse.com/article/13973-study-says-yes-you-should-be-wearing-earplugs-at-concerts"
 },
 {
  "term": "The Loop",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "UK nonprofit that runs festival drug checking; first to receive a Home Office festival licence in 2024.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://djmag.com/news/uk-festival-drug-testing-resume-summer-following-home-office-licence-debacle"
 },
 {
  "term": "The Show Must Go On",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A 2015 Powerful Thinking report benchmarking UK festival emissions at about 100,000 tonnes CO2e a year including audience travel.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://www.powerful-thinking.org.uk/resources/the-show-must-go-on-report/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Ticket registration",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Requiring each attendee to register before the sale so the ticket carries their name and photo, as Glastonbury does.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/news/glastonbury-2027-ticket-information-confirmed/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Tier 3 event",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "In Boston, an event that runs more than a day, serves alcohol or draws more than 250 people, among other triggers; it needs at least 30 business days' notice.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/special-events"
 },
 {
  "term": "Tiered alphabetical billing",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Grouping acts into font-size tiers and listing them alphabetically within each tier, as Roskilde described in 2019.",
  "section": "lineup",
  "source_url": "https://www.iq-mag.net/2019/09/iff-the-big-billing-debate/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Title sponsor",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "New England",
  "definition": "A company whose name goes on the festival itself, as with the JVC Jazz Festival in Newport from 1984 to 2008.",
  "section": "new-england",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival"
 },
 {
  "term": "Toilet ratio",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "The number of toilets per attendee; UK council guidance starts at 1 per 100 women and 1 per 500 men plus 1 urinal per 150 for events open six hours or more.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/faq-planning-your-event/how-many-toilets-do-i-need-to-provide-for-my-outdoor-event"
 },
 {
  "term": "Top-up",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "Adding money to a wristband balance, online before the festival or on site.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://splash-festival.de/en/info/faq-cashless-2025"
 },
 {
  "term": "touring circuit",
  "aka": "touring festival",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "One lineup that moves city to city over days or weeks, like Laneway's six-city run in February 2026.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://www.thenote.com.au/news/laneway-festival-2026-dates-venues"
 },
 {
  "term": "Touring festival",
  "aka": "Package tour",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "One festival bill that travels from city to city, as Lollapalooza did from 1991 to 1997.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://diffuser.fm/first-lollapalooza/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Touting",
  "aka": "Scalping",
  "category": "Lineups and selling",
  "definition": "Reselling tickets for profit; touting is the UK word, scalping the US one.",
  "section": "selling",
  "source_url": "https://glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/news/glastonbury-2027-ticket-information-confirmed/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Transient Occupancy Tax",
  "aka": "TOT",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A city tax on hotel and short-term rental stays; a third-party guide lists Indio's at 13%.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://airbtics.com/airbnb-rules-in-indio-united-states"
 },
 {
  "term": "two-weekend model",
  "aka": "double weekend",
  "category": "The circuit",
  "definition": "Running the same festival on two back-to-back weekends to double the crowd without enlarging the site. Tomorrowland has done it since 2017.",
  "section": "season",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)"
 },
 {
  "term": "UHF RFID",
  "aka": "ultra high frequency",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "RFID read from about 1-6 m, used at gates to read several bands at once without stopping.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://www.wristband.com/blogs/news/nfc-vs-rfid-wristbands-technology-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "UID",
  "aka": "unique identifier",
  "category": "On the ground",
  "definition": "The unique ID number on a wristband chip; the festival looks it up in its own database at each scan.",
  "section": "wristbands",
  "source_url": "https://intellitix.com/hub/everything-you-need-to-know-about-rfids-transforming-the-festival-experience"
 },
 {
  "term": "Unified On-Site Command",
  "aka": "unified command",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "A shared on-site command bringing in the EMS, fire and police agencies that would answer a 911 call, recommended by the Texas task force in 2022.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor-abbotts-texas-task-force-on-concert-safety-releases-final-report"
 },
 {
  "term": "Urban festival",
  "aka": "Day festival",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A festival held in a city park or venue, usually without camping and sold by the day, like Lollapalooza in Grant Park.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.aol.com/news/official-lollapalooza-returning-2021-bands-212400073.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Vision: 2025",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Impact",
  "definition": "A pledge launched in 2015 asking outdoor events to cut greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2025.",
  "section": "impact",
  "source_url": "https://juliesbicycle.org/resource/the-show-must-go-on-report/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Zoned pit",
  "aka": "pens",
  "category": "Production and safety",
  "definition": "Multiple barrier lines dividing the area in front of a big stage into separate pens.",
  "section": "build",
  "source_url": "https://roskilde-festival.dk/en/press/press-kit/25-years-after-the-tragedy-at-roskilde-festival"
 }
]